Charcoal canister for EVAP emissions.
Should have the vent line from the fuel tank plugged into it so your truck doesn't smell like raw gas.
1978 F150 351W
1979 F150 "410M"
1979 F100 302
1979 F250 400
1987 F150 300
1990 F150 302
1991 F150 300
1995 F150 (1985 clip swapped) 300
1997 F250 351W